By
Mobolaji
E. Aluko, PhD
alukome@aol.com
Burtonsville, MD, USA
March 10, 2003
Introduction - Mixing Oil & Water
Biting fuel scarcity recently returned to our land called Nigeria! I saw
two-mile long queues with my own eyes within the past fortnight week,
including just a week ago as I travelled from Akure to Abuja. Petrol cost
as “low” as N40 per liter in the South, and as high as N100-N150 per
liter, particularly in the North. Until about a fortnight ago, it cost N26
per liter (control price; that is about N100 per US gallon, or 79 US cents
per gallon at $1 to N127, or 86 US cents at N116) of Premium Motor Spirit
(PMS, or petrol) everywhere in Nigeria.
Mind you, in Akure, a carton of twelve 150-cL bottles of Ragolis Table
pure water costs N650, and N850 in Abuja. That is N36 per liter in Akure,
and N47 in Abuja.
So, finally, the cost of refined oil is catching up with the cost of
processed water in Nigeria, and a regional DIFFERENTIAL in pricing is also
occurring.
Those are interesting developments which should hardly be surprising.
The Economics of Oil
Nigeria produces roughly 2 million barrels of crude oil per day. With
Nigeria’s Forcados crude at roughly 7.22 metric tons per barrel and Bonny
Light at 7.49 metric tons per barrel, that translates to roughly 14.5-15
million metric tons per day.
Nigeria’s total consumption need, on a daily basis, is about 0.4
million barrels per day of crude, which translates roughly to 38 million
liters of refined products [petrol or gasoline (PMS), kerosene (DPK Dual
purpose kerosene) and diesel (AGO)], of which 14 million liters is PMS.
Consequently, the total installed capacity of 0.445 million barrels per
day of our four refineries [Kaduna (0.110 mmbpd capacity), Warri (0.125
million mmbpd) and two in Port Harcourt (.060 mmbpd, 0.150 mmbpd)] would
have fully satisfied our domestic needs, and still leave a 10% surplus.
However, due to technical inefficiencies, political incompetence and
leadership failures over the years, all the refineries have only been able
to perform, even at peak form, at 40-60% of total installed capacity, or
at 0% (total shut-down) at other times, like a fortnight ago when both
Port Harcourt refineries suddenly had to shut down. (They have since
resumed production, we hear.)
Obviously, to meet local demand for refined products, whatever is not
refined locally has to be imported from external sources.
And that is where the paradoxical problem is - Africa’s largest crude
producer, OPEC’s sixth largest and the world’s tenth importing as much as
40-60% of its refined product!
In early 2002, according to news reports, the cost of a barrel of
Nigerian oil was roughly $20 per barrel (N2,320 per barrel at $1 to N116),
at a time when a metric ton of refined oil was about $178.25. Soon after,
it increased to $25 per barrel (a 25% increase), with refined products
tracking it about $202 per metric ton (13.2% increase). Crude oil price
has doubled in the past few weeks to almost $40 per barrel due to fears of
a new Iraq/US war, reported oil stockpiling in the US (presumably hedging
against unusually cold winter this year), and the lingering Venezuela
political crisis. One would not be surprised if the price of refined
products increases soon to $270 per metric ton.
Today, the Naira exchanges via the Dutch Auction System (DAS) at about
$1 to N127. $270 per metric ton would translate to N34,290 per metric ton,
up from N20,677 when it was $178.25 per ton at N116 to the dollar, a 66%
increase!
The Politics of Petrol
Three things recommend president Obasanjo to Nigerians for continuance in
office after April 2003 - or so his operatives say:
- the return of acceptability of Nigeria to the comity of nations;
- the termination of long petrol lines (due to scarcity) from our
roads;
- GSM.
If one leg of the tripod - Tripod Leg # 2 in this case - crumbles, the
whole pack of recommendations is in trouble. Our international “corruption
index” (including “419”) continues to threaten Tripod Leg # 1 abroad, and
the sheer cost and poor Quality-of-Service of GSM threatens Tripod Leg # 3
at home.
And we are not including personal insecurity, including political
assassinations, the latest being in Abuja: that of ANPP’s chieftain, Dr.
Marshall Harry from the oil-city of Port Harcourt.
Jerry Gana, the voluble Information Minister of Obasanjo regime, has
hinted darkly - and preposterously too - that some “evil forces” are
trying to bring the government down with the new fuel scarcity. That is an
odd-ball charge. Without agreeing publicly - and despite the presence of
Petroleum Pricing and Products Regulatory Committee (PPPRC) Chairman
Rasheed Gbadamosi’s oil panel - President Obasanjo has instituted a 7-man
panel - oddly headed by His Eminence the Obi of Onitsha himself - to
investigate the causes of the scarcity. One expects the panel to come out
to stamp its approval on Gana’s statement.
In the meantime, to render the case moot, Obasanjo says that he has
ordered the immediate importation of 500 million liters of oil to relieve
the scarcity pressure, and that “a smile would be put on the faces” of
Nigerians by this past week-end. Assuming that on average a car fills up
with 50 to 60 liters, that is 10 million cars - mostly gas-guzzling
“T’okun-bohs” or T’osa-dehs” - will be filled soon in Nigeria. Since it
takes roughly N35 per liter to import the oil, and N9 to subsidize it (so
that it sells at N26), that would be a nice way to spend N17.5 billion
right away up front, and N4.5 billion in subsidy.
This is the political season, with elections must around the corner.
The Funny Business at NNPC
The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NNPC is the government-owned
giant that controls Nigeria’s oil industry, and is in charge of the four
Nigerian refineries. Somehow it is backed by some inscrutable law to buy
0.445 million barrels per day of domestic crude - which is exactly how
much all the refineries would refine at full capacity. This privilege is
irrespective of the actual capacity used up by the refineries. It has
another privilege - to buy at a discounted rate of $18 per barrel, no
matter the international price of crude. A third privilege puts icing on
the cake: to sell what it does not use up at the refineries at the
prevailing WORLD MARKET PRICE!
I think that you get the picture: Suppose the fraction of the amount of
the domestic crude that NNPC does not refine is y. If it had
refined this amount and sold it at a domestic price of N26 per liter, it
would have earned $ 38 crude/0.4 refined * 26 refined/127 exchange or $
19.4 per barrel of crude refined. [0.4 million barrels of crude
approximately equals 38 million liters of refined product; control refined
price of N26 per liter is assumed.] If the current international market
crude price is for example $28 per barrel, NNPC will make a cool profit of
0.445y(28 - 19.4) million dollars or $3.83y million for itself if the
government does not ask for that profit back. At $1 to just N127 (for
example), that translates to N486y million per day. Over a 364 day per
year period, at half-capacity, NNPC would make N88.5 billion profit
without the technical hassles and dangers of refining, thereby making the
NNPC accountants happy.
This profit to NNPC “improves” as NNPC gets lazier (y increases), the
Naira weakens (N127 becomes N130 becomes N150 to the dollar), and/or the
cost of oil in the international market escalates ($28 becomes $35 becomes
$40 per barrel). What would a “normal” person do in NNPC’s shoes?
Thus by not refining a fraction y of its domestic crude, and being
allowed to sell it at the prevailing international market, NNPC makes a
direct gain of N486 y million per day on crude sales, but the nation takes
an overall HUGE LOSS of N1,582y million on a daily basis (N290 billion per
year for half-capacity all year round), a loss which increases with
increasing non-refining. [All the assumptions that go into these
calculations should be remembered.]
Thereby inefficiency is rewarded in one sense, but the whole nation
suffers as a result.
There you go! No wonder the NNPC was recently accused by the Revenue
Mobilisation and Fiscal Allocation Commission (RMFAC) of “missing” N300
billion due to inappropriate accounting for crude oil sales!
So what is to be done?
- Whether we like it or not, one of these days, we will still have to
bite the bullet: provided we continue to import 40-60% of our needed
fuel, we will have to pay the economic price of the refined fuel -
whatever the international market conditions of the moment demands. It
does not matter how much our crude costs per barrel, or how much of it
we have welling up from our land: provided we import so much refined
fuel, we will have to pay, sometimes through our noses, the added-value
cost of refining.
- We need to reduce our own dependence on crude oil by fostering mass
transportation (reliable rail and bus services) within and between our
major cities. That means huge public/private partnership investments on
rail and road infrastructure. Innovative uses for our abundant natural
gas for transportation and domestic fuel uses are also called for.
- A tighter leash must be put on the current operations of NNPC, many
of which are a carry-over from military days when NNPC was a secret
cash-cow for the “over-lords.” Certainly, its inefficiency in the
refining business should not be rewarded as described above. Either it
buys its domestic crude at international market prices (not a reasonable
option, I admit), or preferably it is prevented from selling its unused
oil in the world market. Otherwise, it will continue to use the
eye-popping profits from its operations to have the choicest real estate
in Abuja; give its workers the greatest salaries; have its executives
travel the world style in swankiest style; and operate secret accounts
around the world that it gets defensive over when questions are asked.
- We must set loose the chemical engineers and mechanical engineers of
our country to do the Turn-Around Maintenance (TAM) of our refineries
that we routinely contract to foreign companies, so that they all can
operate optimally. Operating a refinery is not rocket-science. The same
modus operandi of tasking our indigenous engineers to solve our
iron-and-steel problem, the cement problem, the pulp-and-paper problem
and other problems should be adopted.
- An economic analysis should be done once and for all - focusing on
Port Harcourt, Maiduguri, Sokoto, Ilorin and Lagos for example as
cardinal points of the country - to determine whether it is more
economical to pipe/otherwise transport crude or refined oil to these
parts.
- Subsidies due to regional cost differentials must not be to EQUALIZE
absolute costs, but to possibly equalize percentage contributions to the
differentials due to transportation and other costs.
- I envisage that about eight to ten private mini- to midi-refineries
- of the order of 10-30,000 barrels per day strategically located around
the country, with the realistic optimum of 75% - 90% capacity
utilization of ALL the refineries will fulfill all of our national needs
for the foreseeable future. The licensing process of private refineries
should be simplified, and the cost barrier to entry significantly
lowered.
Have a good week.
Oil
Gravimetrics
For some oil prices, see:
Crude Oil Futures Prices - NYMEX
Crude Oil Spot Prices
Brent as a world benchmark
Major Nigerian Oil Production Joint-Ventures
For companion articles, see:
A ThisDay Article
Deregulation: Petrol May Sell for N31
THISDAY Board of Economists - By Ijeoma Nwogwugwu
Were the Federal Government to deregulate the downstream sub-sector of
the petroleum industry today and pave way for major and independent oil
marketers to import fuel into the country, it is very likely that petrol
would be sold at a pump price of N31.00 per litre. This figure was arrived
at by THISDAY Economic Intelligence Unit based on extensive discussions
with oil marketers in the country and analyses of the Platt's prices for
refined petrol.
The marketers, who spoke on the issue, agreed that the Nigerian
National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and its marketing and distribution
subsidiary - Pipelines Products Marketing Company (PPMC) were corrupt and
inefficient. They also say that both incurred all sorts of unnecessary
charges, which have cost the nation considerable losses.
Giving a breakdown of how oil marketers would arrive at the cost of
petrol if they were to import petrol, THISDAY Economic Intel-ligence Unit
discovered that based on the limit for yesterday's price quotation, (using
Platt's oilgram) for unleaded premium gasoline, Cost Insurance and Freight
(CIF) Lagos, was $275.00 per metric tonne. In other words, the cost of
freighting petrol from essentially Europe-based or Rotterdam prices to the
Lagos, Port Harcourt and Calabar ports is $275.00/mt.
Nigeria Ports Authority charges, translates to about $7.00/mt, thereby
bringing the total cost of freighting and discharging into PPMC and oil
marketers' depots to $282.00/mt. However since oil marketers importing
petroleum products are expected to open letters of credit and source their
foreign exchange from the inter-bank forex market, it, therefore, means
that at the prevaling official exchange rate of N116 to $1.00, the
$282.00/mt will approximate N32, 712.00/mt.
In addition, since 1,341 litres of petrol is equivalent to 1 metric
tonne of petrol, the landing cost of each litre of fuel would amount to
N24.29 kobo per litre. However, with a government tax of N3.10/litre,
dealer's margin of N0.60/litre and a marketer's margin of N2.60/litre, the
pump price of petrol would come to N30.69/litre (approximately N31.00/litre),
taking into consideration bridging and other associated costs.
The price could be lower if the government waives its taxes and limits
itself to the issue of petroleum equalisation charges which can be built
into marketers' margin to allow them sell at the same price in Sokoto,
Port Harcourt or Lagos. The probable price is a lot cheaper than the
N37.25/ litre arrived at by the special committee set up by the Federal
Government to review petroleum products supply and distribution in the
country.
The committee, THISDAY Economic Intelligence learnt, based its
calculations on the inclusion of charges, like demurrage, through-put and
bridging, which many marketers said are incurred as a result of the
inefficiency and corrupt practices of NNPC/PPMC. Such charges, the
marketers averred, would not be incurred under a deregulated regime
because importers would bring in fuel in an efficient and prompt manner to
maximise their returns.
The scenario painted by the marketers can only obtain if the exchange
rate of the naira to the US dollar remains unchanged at the current
exchange rate. If, on the other hand, the naira continues with its slide
against the dollar and depreciates to N120.00, say, the pump price of
petrol may be N31.53 kobo/litre. At N125.00 to the dollar, petrol could
cost N32.58 kobo/litre. Worse still, if the exchange rate rises to N150.00
the price of petrol would increase correspondingly to N37.84 kobo/litre!
These projections are all based on Platt's prices - which are subject to
fluctuations.
Yesterday's price, for instance, has being one of the highest this
year, market analysts say. Based on this, THISDAY Economic Intelligence
Unit observed that the onus would now be on the Federal Government to
implement policies that can bring about exchange rate stability as against
release of funds into the economy. Besides, under deregulation, the profit
margin of marketers, dealers and transporters are expected to fluctuate
and also to be determined by the forces of demand and supply. The
implication of this is that competition in the sector would drive down
even the margins to be made by operators in the industry.
THISDAY Economic Intelligence Unit also discovered that NNPC's and
PPMC's inefficiency and subsidies are costing the Federal Government in
excess of $2 billion per annum a whopping sum that can be put to better
use in more productive sectors of the economy to better the lot of
Nigerians. Using the present fuel shortage as an example, many marketers
blamed the current spate of shortages on the Group Managing Director of
NNPC, Mr Jackson Gaius-Obaseki and President Olusegun Obasanjo, who
oversees the petroleum resources portfolio. Both, they said, have not been
able to manage the downstream sector properly. Marketers even went as far
as accusing the NNPC of awarding the contract for importation of petroleum
products to a Swiss-based commodity trader, Marc Rich just because his bid
was far lower than others. Rich, according to sources, was awarded the
contract after he submitted a quotation that was 30 cent lesser than nine
quotations submitted by other importers. Having secured the contract, Rich
discovered that his bid was actually below the prevailing market price and
as such could not deliver as that would see him operating at a loss. It is
his failure to bring in fuel that has resulted in the current shortage.
